With unique pattern offerings such as VIP and holographic, plastic bands are much harder to replicate, making them perfect for hotels, resorts, waterparks, and hospitals.
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All roofs much have some degree of angle to them so as to avoid the issue of water and other elements pooling on top. Pitched roofs which are sharply angled and flat room which have a very slight angle. Roof designs can largely be broken down into two main categories. The roof selected must be compatible with the structure it is covering. It affects the overall look of the home, it can provide addition living space, it can affect energy efficiency of the home and well as affect the natural lighting aspect. The roof does more than just the functional purpose of covering the home. You will need to understand different roof designs as well as the pros and cons of each to make the right choice. When it comes to roofs, there are a good number of options available that you can select from but selecting the right roof for your home is not as easy as it may sound. See a breakdown of different roof types and parts below, as illustrated in our Learn the Basics of Roof Systems article.The roof of a house is perhaps the first thing you see when you look at a house. Though labor costs can be expensive, having a professional roofer do the job is worth it. Installing a roof on your own may even compromise your home insurance policy. For example, water could get into the roof deck and internal structure and cause mold, rot, or other damage. Some roof types must be installed by approved contractors to maintain the product warranty.Īn improperly installed roof can cause major problems in the future. They also have the knowledge and experience to do the job properly. Roofing contractors have specialized equipment, such as scaffolding and pulleys. However, it’s best to leave total roof replacement up to the professionals. You may be able to do some roof repairs yourself, depending on which type you have. It’s a good idea to call a professional to inspect your roof if you notice any of these signs. Visible holes, tears, cracks, or other damage to your shingles.Mildew or moss in any area where sections of your roof meet.Increased energy bills unrelated to an HVAC issue.Ice dams or ridges that prevent proper runoff.Asphalt shingle granules in your gutters.Active leaks or water stains in your attic or ceiling.It’s best to repair or replace your roof promptly to prevent further damage. If not maintained properly, your roof may need replacement sooner rather than later. Some roofing materials require more maintenance than others. Your roof’s lifespan can vary depending on how well you maintain it. Solar roofing is a technology that is only 10 years old. ![]() *Solar roofing lifespan is a general estimate. Compare the costs and lifespan of each roofing type below. ![]() Pros and Cons of Asphalt ShinglesĮach type of roofing ranges in price and durability. Asphalt shingle roofs also come in a range of styles, from basic three-tab shingles to high-quality architectural shingles. Asphalt roofs typically last up to 10 years. Higher-priced materials offer longer durability. Fiberglass shingles are less expensive, while composite shingles made from recycled material are costlier. Evan Greene, Sales Manager of NE Exteriors for the New England Branch of Long Home Products says, “Asphalt roofing is the best choice in most normal circumstances because it is a healthy balance of cost and quality.”Īsphalt shingles can be made from a variety of materials. We’ll go into more detail about each below:Īsphalt shingles are one of the most affordable and common roofing materials, costing $2.08–$3.56 per square foot. These are the best types of roofing materials available according to our research. ![]() Additionally, the DeWalt 15 Gallon Workshop Compressor’s extra-large wheels make it easier to maneuver in a congested garage or workshop. The DeWalt nail guns and staplers work well with this 15-gallon compressor. This model’s stability is improved by the padded front feet and strengthened tires. The user can easily manage and monitor tank pressure thanks to the top-mounted PSI regulator, pressure gauges, vital pump, and integrated control panel.įurthermore, a ball valve is located on the bottom of the container for easy and safe draining. It comes with an oil-free pump that requires very little upkeep. It delivers 5 SCFM at 90 PSI for quick compressor recovery times, and 225 PSI max tank storage pressure for longer air tool run times. As a result, it’s perfect for use around the household.Ī strong steel tank contains up to 15 gallons of pressurized air in this type. The DEWALT 15 Gallon Workshop Compressor will help make short work of all your projects. A 12-gauge standard extension cord may power the motor. ![]() The semi-pneumatic, wide-track tires of this variant provide increased stability, ease mobility, and require minimal maintenance.Ī 1.6-horsepower, extra-powerful electric engine at the core of the DeWalt 15 Gallon Workshop Compressor provides a max pressure of 200 PSI as well as 5.0 SCFM at 90 PSI. Its high-flow regulator enables optimal air tool efficiency as well as longer run times. The coupler, two-inch gauges, and the high-flow regulator are all protected by the metal control panel. The compressor’s small size allows it to be readily moved, stored, and transported.įurthermore, the durable dual-purpose handle gives the compressor more movement while simultaneously acting as a hose wrap. When it comes to optimum adaptability, this device comes with a 50-foot extension cord. The pump, for example, is oil-free and requires very little maintenance, making it incredibly comfortable to use. The compressor’s pump and motor last longer thanks to DeWalt’s effective high-pressure technology. This machine is ideal for home usage and provides a calmer work environment with a motor that produces only 78 dBA of operational noise. The 200 PSI maximum pressure helps your pneumatic tools operate longer, while the 4.8 SCFM at 90 PSI provides for efficient compressor recovery. With a three-year factory warranty on the pump and the components, DeWalt stands behind this device. ![]() You can shop online at AliExpress to enjoy great prices on rain sound toy. Shop rain sound toy on AliExpress: With the multiple promotions of rain sound toy, you can get everything you need right from the comfort of your home. Now you're all set to explore the wide selection of toy with a big discounted prices. From the best match to number of orders or price, you can find the best toy on AliExpress. Simply browse an extensive selection of the best rain sound toy and find one that suits you! You can also filter out items that offer free shipping to narrow down your search for rain sound toy! The selection of toy is always getting an update on AliExpress. The related products of rain sound toy: This toy musical instrument is designed for children's hearing, and its also a good gift for your child. If you need help choosing toy, read real reviews of toy left by shoppers to help narrow down your choices! You'll find real reviews of toy that will give you all the information you need to make a well-informed purchase decision. You can get a bunch of other information of toy on quality, price and tips that other shoppers have found helpful. Refer to each seller's review of toy to find trusted sellers easily. Find more deals on toy musical instrument, learning & education, toys & hobbies and montessori online and shop safe with AliExpress. After buy toy, find more deals on wave hit musical instruments, toy musical instrument, figurines & miniatures and baby rattles & mobiles online and shop safe with AliExpress. Common materials used for rain sound toy are plastic, wooden and silk. The related information of rain sound toy: There is a wide variety of rain sound toy items you can buy, such as rain stick musical toys, rainmaker rattle stick, toy musical instrument and hourglasses rainmaker. Make online shopping a smooth and simple experience is our target. With the numerous promotions, we're here to help you get the most savings! Shop with a peace of mind in AliExpress. In AliExpress, you can also find other good deals on toy musical instrument, learning & education, toys & hobbies and montessori! Keep an eye out for promotions and deals, so you get a big saving of toy. Meanwhile, toys can cultivate baby's cognition of colors and increase their creativity. In the meantime, toys, the musical effect is strong and lovely. The toy is a great gift for babies or toddlers. Meanwhile, toys can make the baby fall down when they play. At the same time, this toy can effectively reduce the wind resistance and can help children learn rhythm. Rain sound toys are made of environmentally friendly materials and will not be damaged by the environment. Rain sound toys, provide children with a good time. Rain sound toy, can let kids play while playing, it is very convenient. This toy can be opened and closed, which allows your baby to enjoy the game. ![]() Other fastener systems can also fit well with TREX decking boards but be sure to confirm compatibility with TREX and your fastener manufacturer before trying them. TREX Hideaway Plastic hidden fasteners and Screws with Plugs – you can have a complete fastener-free surface. Complemented by a natural wood-grain pattern, the eco-friendly board uses nature-inspired color. Plugs are made from the same decking board, therefore they are almost invisible. Spiced Rum is an earthy umber with onyx black lowlights. Bring the colors of nature to your outdoor living space. 94-in x 5.5-in x 20-ft Grooved Transcend Spiced Rum Fascia 1 x 8 x 12' SR010812TS01. TREX grooved decking boards work best when complemented by TREX Hideaway Plastic hidden fasteners. When working with square-edged boards from TREX, installation crews prefer to face-screw with hidden fastener systems such as Pro Plug and Cortex® or color matching S/S Starborn Cap-Tor xd. Products Why Trex Shop Trex Trex Color Selector Find the perfect deck color that speaks to you. ![]() In addition to regular boards for Spiced Rum TREX also manufactures porch boards. Spiced Rum belongs to TREX Tropical colors Series. Transcend is available in both Earth Tones and Tropical luxury colours with a deep wood-grain pattern to create a premium, ageless look. ![]() Trex Transcend Decking offers elevated aesthetics paired with the highest level of performance. TREX Transcend has two distinct styles: premium tropical colors (Variegated Colors) and rich classic earth tones (Solid Colors). Transcend Tropical Composite Square Decking Board Spiced Rum - 1 In. TREX Transcend is made from 95% recycled materials. TREX Transcend also backed with limited warranty against material Defects. 94 in x 5.TREX Spiced Rum belongs to TREX Transcend collection which comes with 25 years limited Residential fade and stain warranty from manufacturer. Available in grooved-edge boards for our hidden deck fasteners or square-edge for traditional installation.Trex Transcend® Railing in Classic White and Vintage Lantern. Trex® Outdoor Lighting Stair Riser Light. Backed by 25-year Limited Residential and Fade & Stain warranties Trex Signature® Rod Rail in Charcoal Black with Platinum Rods.Take advantage of unbeatable inventory and prices from Quebecs. Made of 95% recycled materials, with a low carbon footprint Trex Transcend Spiced Rum 0.94-in x 5.5-in x 12-ft Grooved Edge Deck Board: weve got it.Lightweight scalloped profile for easy handling.Easy-to-build decking no specialty tools required.Quality low-maintenance material cleans easily with soap and water.Protective outer shell for durability resists fading and staining.Made of high-performance composite won’t rot, warp or splinter, unlike wood.Priced to put the pressure on treated lumber Trex Transcend boards bring superior durability, luxurious looks and decades of splinter-free fun to your deck.(Not to mention simple soap-and-water cleanup.)Ī burnt umber with onyx black lowlights, Spiced Rum resembles tropical ipe, with its true-to-nature vibrancy and realistic grain pattern. Transcend decking maintains its vibrant color and luxurious finish-come scorching sun or red-wine spill-thanks to its unyielding shell protection. Find the perfect fit for your deck with our Trex Color Selector. Transcend comes in eight multi-tonal monochromatic colors: Havana Gold, Island Mist, Lava Rock, Spiced Rum, Tiki Torch, Gravel Path, Rope Swing, and Vintage Lantern. ![]() Trex Transcend decking’s deep wood-grain pattern and luxury colors create a premium, ageless look that leave other composites in the dust. ![]() Property Value Enhancement: A well-designed and properly maintained homemade basketball court can increase the value of your property, making it an attractive feature for potential buyers. Improved Skill Development: Regular access to a dedicated court enables you to practice and refine your skills, leading to better performance and growth as a player.įitness and Health: Playing basketball on your homemade court promotes physical fitness, helping you stay active and improve cardiovascular health.įamily and Community Bonding: Your court becomes a gathering place for family and friends, creating social interactions, friendly competitions, and lasting memories. Here are some compelling benefits to consider:Ĭonvenience and Accessibility: With your own court, you can play basketball whenever it suits you, without worrying about availability or traveling to distant locations.Ĭustomization: Designing your court allows you to customize it according to your preferences, incorporating specific features and dimensions that match your playing style and space availability. Benefits of a Homemade Basketball CourtĪ homemade basketball court offers several advantages beyond the game itself.Review the company's feedback on HomeGuide and Google.Īsk for copies of the contract, detailed estimate, and warranty upfront.ĭo not pay in full before construction starts. Look at their portfolio or previous similar projects. Select contractors with several years of experience building outdoor basketball courts. ![]() Getting estimates from backyard basketball court buildersįollow these tips when getting estimates from backyard basketball court builders:Ĭompare at least three estimates from blacktop or paver contractors. Who builds basketball courts?Ī general contractor, paving or concrete contractor, or specialized sport court builder can build your backyard basketball court. Check your city's building codes to find out if you need a permit for your project. Do you need a permit to build a basketball court?īuilding a permanent basketball court made of concrete, asphalt, or pavers typically requires a permit. In comparison, a full-sized NBA basketball court is 4,700 square feet and measures 94' x 50'. What is the square footage of a basketball court?Ī typical backyard basketball court is 900 square feet or a 30' x 30' half-court, which has enough room for 3-on-3 play and shooting 3-pointers. How long does it take to build a basketball court?īuilding an outdoor basketball court takes 4 to 6 weeks, including time for planning and site prep, constructing the surface, installing components, and painting the game lines. If that's not an option, you can build a small 30'x30' half-court, which gives you enough space for 3-on-3 streetball. The cheapest way to make a basketball court is to install a portable hoop on your existing driveway. FAQ’s when installing a basketball court What is the cheapest way to make a basketball court? An indoor court is a great addition to a post-frame building, allowing you to play basketball year-round regardless of the weather. ![]() To hire a painter to paint the lines on the new half-court or full-court surfaceįloodlights or exterior garage lights to light the court for nighttime playįor plants around the court area, to enhance the appearance or obscure the view from the roadĪ pole barn costs $15 to $40 per square foot installed or about $18,000 to $48,000 total for a pole barn large enough for a small indoor basketball court. Permits for outdoor concrete or asphalt courts ![]() To block rain and UV rays for outdoor gameplay To protect the surrounding landscaping from ball damage and prevent chasing after the ballĬosts vary by material, with concrete and asphalt falling at the low end and brick pavers at the high end of prices. Metal or plastic benches typically seat 3 to 4 players. Mounted or in-ground hoops with shatterproof backboards are the most expensive. Portable hoops fall at the low end of the range. ![]() There is 20 g sugar in the Mountain Dew Kickstart, but this sugar is considered too low compared with many other soft drinks. How Much Sugar Does Mountain Dew Kickstart Have? But many soft drinks contain sugar, and you wouldn’t easily find sugar-free soft drinks. But the sugar isn’t suitable for people with diabetes. Most people prefer drinking sugary drinks if they want to drink soft drinks. How long does it take for Mountain Dew Kickstart to work?Īfter drinking this drink, you will feel completely energized within 40 minutes, and this will keep you awake for the next few hours. So it is better to drink this drink 45 minutes before your food. So you can consider this a drink that is equivalent to an energy drink or coffee. But this is not a regular drink, as the Mountain Dew Kickstart contains 90 mg of caffeine per can. Most people prefer drinking soft drinks with their meals. There are no specific foods to prevents when drinking soft drinks. What foods to prevent before and after drinking the Soft Drinks? If there is a younger person than that, should not drink such high caffeinated drinks. Someone who is 12 to 18 should drink up to 100 mg caffeine in a day. The FDA suggests 400 mg caffeine limits for an adult throughout the day. However, it has much more caffeine than a regular soft drink. But this is not an energy drink or coffee. The limits vary from person to person with different ages. How much caffeine is healthy and required for different age limits? Make sure to drink at the right time to get most of the drink. So it is better to drink before your work or exercise because its name suggests the Kickstart, so you would get the same boost by drinking this soft drink. So drinking in the early morning gives you the boost you may expect from the coffee or energy drinks. But it would be best if you remembered that the drinks like Mountain Dew Kickstart are high caffeine drinks. There is no specific time to drink soft drinks. What is a Good time to Drink the Soft Drink? Studies suggest that caffeine increases mental focus, alertness, endurance, and possibly even strength. ![]() So you can drink 2 to 3 cans of this drink and remain within limits. The FDA suggests drinking 400 mg of caffeine, not more than that for an adult. How many Cans of Mountain Dew Kickstart Can you drink a day? So it isn’t only a soft drink but an energy drink to boost you in the morning for the day to work without being lazy in your works. The Mountain Dew Kickstart has 90 mg caffeine, which is enough to keep you awake for 2 to 3 hours. Here you will learn about the Mountain Dew Kickstart caffeine, sugar, and calories: How much Caffeine Does Mountain Dew Kickstart Contain? When you feel lazy and have so much to do, caffeine can play an essential role in keeping you awake. 25 release.References: Mountain Dew Kickstart Caffeine: And we’re pretty sure they’ll be lining up for its Feb. With that distinct Mountain Dew taste, kids everywhere will see Kickstart for what it really is: Soda for breakfast. Though PepsiCo calls Kickstart juice, flavors like “energizing orange citrus” and “energizing fruit punch” toe the energy drink line. Each can has 80 calories, about half the amount in a regular soda. Proving their dedication to a healthy, balanced breakfast, PepsiCo made sure to cut Kickstart’s sugar content by using artificial sweeteners. Rockstar, a popular energy drink brand, boasts a whopping 276 milligrams of caffeine in each of its 24-ounce cans. can, Kickstart has 20 more milligrams than a comparable amount of Mountain Dew and about the same amount as a cup of coffee. The soda maker said it doesn’t think of Kickstart as an energy drink. ( WATCH: Coca-Cola Launches Anti-Obesity Ad) “Kickstart combines the best of all worlds - it tastes great, has just the right amount of real fruit juice and gives them a kick to help them start their day,” she said. ![]() The company did extensive research into the possibilities, and apparently found that a lot of crazy people want to drink soda in the morning. Mountain Dew representative Elisa Baker told the Los Angeles Times that their customers were looking for an alternative to traditional morning beverages, such as coffee and tea. PepsiCo wants to round out your breakfast with Kickstart, a new Mountain Dew-flavored drink packed with caffeine, 5% real fruit juice and Vitamins B and C. Yup, the soda - or at least, a drink that shares its name - could become part of your morning routine. ![]() Before using Lysol on a larger area, it is always a good idea to test a small portion of the fabric. On its website, Lysol actually makes it clear that its products can be used safely on fabric. Although Lysol can leave a residue on surfaces, it usually has no negative effects on fabrics. Some people are concerned, though, that Lysol might leave a film on fabrics. Popular household cleaner Lysol has a reputation for being a disinfectant. Prior to applying Lysol to the entire garment or item, it may be useful to perform a spot test on a small, discrete area of the fabric. ![]() Utilizing Lysol as directed and adhering to the label’s directions are essential if you want the product to be effective at disinfecting fabric. Lysol’s effectiveness may also be impacted by the fact that some fabric types may be more vulnerable to its chemicals. Even though Lysol works well for disinfection in most cases, some fabrics may be more resistant to its antimicrobial effects.įor instance, certain fabrics might be more porous or absorbent than others, which would make it more challenging for Lysol to penetrate and eradicate bacteria and viruses. Examining Lysol’s Effectiveness on Various Fabricsĭepending on the fabric type and the particular product being used, Lysol’s impact on a material may differ. Before using Lysol on any fabric, it is important to read the label carefully and perform a spot test to make sure it won’t damage or discolor it. Lysol is a potent disinfectant, but it can be rough on some types of fabric, as well as extremely delicate or porous materials. The potential for fabric damage is another matter of safety. ![]() Wearing gloves and avoiding direct skin contact with the product are advised when using Lysol on fabric to reduce the risk of skin irritation. Given their history of allergies or skin conditions, some people may be particularly sensitive to the chemicals in Lysol. The potential for skin irritation or allergic reactions is an important thing to take into account. Lysol is generally thought to be safe to use on most surfaces, including material, but there are a few steps that must be taken to ensure its safe and efficient use. Safety is the main priority when applying Lysol to the fabric. Exploring the Safety of Using Lysol on Fabric To ensure that Lysol won’t harm the fabric or cause discoloration, it is also crucial to perform a spot test on a small, discrete area of it before using it on the entire item or garment. However, it’s crucial to read the label completely and abide by the directions because using Lysol improperly can harm both people and animals as well as potentially damage surfaces. Strong disinfectants like Lysol can help eliminate bacteria and germs on the surface. It is possible to use Lysol on fabric, but doing so safely and effectively is crucial.
First, we provide paid placements to advertisers to present their offers. This compensation comes from two main sources. To help support our reporting work, and to continue our ability to provide this content for free to our readers, we receive compensation from the companies that advertise on the Forbes Advisor site. ![]() The Forbes Advisor editorial team is independent and objective. If you have net investment income from capital gains and other investment sources, and a modified adjusted gross income above the levels listed below, you will owe the tax. Individuals, estates and trusts with income above specified levels own this tax on their net investment income. The net investment income tax an additional 3.8% surtax. Net investment income includes capital gains from the sale of investments that haven’t been offset by capital losses-as well as income from dividends and interest, among other sources. What Is the Net Investment Income Tax?įor people earning income from investments above certain annual thresholds, the net investment income tax comes into play. That means long-term capital gains from the sale of shares in any pass-through investing vehicle that invests in precious metals (such as an ETF or mutual fund) are generally taxed at the 28% rate. The latter point is worth reiterating: The IRS considers precious metals to be collectibles. Alcoholic beverages (think valuable old wine).Musical instruments and historical objects.The IRS classifies collectible assets as: Remember, short-term capital gains from collectible assets are still taxed as ordinary income. If you realize long-term capital gains from the sale of collectibles, such as precious metals, coins or art, they are taxed at a maximum rate of 28%. Typically, you can’t take this exclusion if you’ve taken it for another home sale in the two years before the sale of this home. The two-year periods for owning the home and using the home don’t have to be the same two-year periods. This means you must have owned and used the real estate as your main home for a total period of at least two years out of the five years before the sale date. To qualify, you must pass both the ownership test and the use test. But you may be able to exclude up to $250,000 of that gain from your income, or up to $500,000 if you and your spouse file a joint tax return. If you sell your home for a profit, that’s considered a capital gain. Capital Gains Taxes on Owner-Occupied Real Estate These include capital gains from the sale of collectibles (like art, antiques and precious metals) and owner-occupied real estate. Then copy the results to your tax return on Form 1040 to figure your overall tax rate.įor some kinds of capital gains, different rules apply. Next, figure your net capital gains using Schedule D of IRS Form 1040. Record each sale, and calculate your hold time, basis, and gain or loss. To calculate and report sales that resulted in capital gains or losses, start with IRS Form 8949. You can calculate capital gains taxes using IRS forms. Unused capital losses can be carried forward to future tax years. You also may use capital losses to offset up to $3,000 of other income, such as earnings or dividend income. Any excess losses after that can be used to offset short-term capital gains. Like gains, capital losses come in short-term and long-term varieties and must first be used to offset capital gains of the same type.įor instance, if you have long-term capital losses, they must first be used to offset any long-term capital gains. Capital losses from investments can be used to offset your capital gains on your taxes. ![]() If your sale price was less than your basis price, it’s considered a capital loss.Ĭapital losses are when you sell an asset or an investment for less than you paid for it. If your sale price was higher than your basis price, it’s a capital gain. Subtract the basis from the realized amount. ![]() This will be what you sold the asset for, less any commissions or fees you paid. Typically, this is what you paid for the asset, including commissions or fees. Capital gains are not adjusted for inflation. Once you’ve sold an asset for a profit, you’re required to claim the profit on your income taxes. There is no capital gain until you sell an asset. The “basis” is what you paid for the asset, plus commissions and the cost of improvements, minus depreciation. What Is a Capital Gain?Ī capital gain happens when you sell or exchange a capital asset for a higher price than its basis. That means you could pay up to 37% income tax, depending on your federal income tax bracket. In the U.S., short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income. When you own an asset or investment for one year or less before you sell it for a profit, that’s considered a short-term capital gain. ![]() ![]() The azoles, allylamines, and polyenes represent the most widely used treatments for infection caused by dermatophytes and Candida. Signs include swelling, fissures, and a thick, white, curdy vaginal discharge. Women presenting with VVC will complain of sudden onset, intense vulval pruritus, external dysuria, and pain. 3 Of the infections caused by the Candida species, VVC can be treated with topical medications. 3 Infections caused by Candida are more likely than dermatophytes to be severe, and are more capable of causing invasive and systemic disease, especially in immunocompromised patients. 5Ĭandida infections of the skin typically occur in warm, moist areas of the body but can be difficult to distinguish from a dermatophyte infection, owing to a similar clinical appearance. 3,8 Deeper dermatophyte infections are uncommon because they do not typically survive at the body’s normal core temperature of 98.6☏, although spread to the internal organs, central nervous system, and bones has been reported. Inappropriate treatment of the infection, such as with steroids, can cause an alteration in the presentation of the infection and potentially lead to misdiagnosis. Lesions that are larger will display irregular margins and can be surrounded by smaller lesions. 1,3,4,7 Cutaneous infections may develop into papules or become larger and more inflamed, resulting in vesicopustules. Symptoms are dependent on the specific site of infection and range from scaling of the skin and patchy hair loss to scarring from inflammatory dermatologic conditions. Indirect transmission is common because dermatophytes can live for extended periods of time without a host. 3 Direct contact is the skin-to-skin transmission of the fungi from one individual or animal to another, whereas indirect contact is common through towels, clothing, and bathroom accessories and in communal bathing areas. 5 Transmission is possible via direct and indirect contact. Patients with impaired immune systems are susceptible to more severe, systemic fungal infections, as well as secondary bacterial infections. Immune function of the host, site of infection, and the specific fungal species influence the pathogenicity of the infection. 3,5 Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology 2,6 Diabetes, genetics, and circulatory disorders, among others, impact the immune system and place the patient at higher risk for fungal infections. 2 Superficial candidal infections can also manifest following tissue damage to superficial layers of the skin in skin folds near the groin in intergluteal folds and between the fingers. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infectious condition, predominately of Candida albicans (85%), with Candida glabrata or Candida tropicalis causing the remaining infections. In addition to dermatophytes, Candida species can also cause superficial infections that can be treated with topical medications. 4,5 However, there are multiple species of Trichophyton as well as Microsporum that are responsible for tinea infections. 1,3 Of the dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum has become the prevailing cause of infection in the United States and Europe, although various species predominate from one country to another. ![]() 5 Most infections are confined to the stratum corneum, nails, and follicles of the hair however, deeper infection is possible, especially when prudent treatment is not sought. 1,3,4 These fungi seed keratinized tissues, infecting the skin, hair, and nails. ![]() The majority of infectious dermatophytes belong to the genera Epidermophyton, Mirosporum, and Trichophyton. Identification of dermatophyte infections is categorized based upon the anatomical site of infection through Latin terminology such as capitis (head) corporis (body) and pedis (foot). While generally thought of as an outpatient condition, many patients who present to the hospital have concomitant fungal infections that if left untreated or treated inappropriately, can become severe and complicate the overall management of hospitalized patients. 1 They represent a persistent problem across healthcare settings owing to various fungal pathogens and sites of infection. A variety of topical treatments are available, including allylamines, azoles, and polyenes.įungal infections of the epidermis are common worldwide and are estimated to affect 10% to 20% of the world’s population. As the severity of the condition increases, the patient can become more susceptible to other infections. Improper treatment can lead to disease progression. While unlikely to be the cause of a patient’s hospital visit, the infection should address be addressed by healthcare providers either by initiating treatment or continuing it as outpatient therapy. ABSTRACT: The prevalence of dermatophytes and topical candidal infections is high worldwide. |
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